{"id":123985,"date":"2026-05-31T15:12:16","date_gmt":"2026-05-31T10:12:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pni.net.pk\/en\/?p=123985"},"modified":"2026-06-05T12:16:22","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T07:16:22","slug":"iwt-violations-by-india-put-aquatic-biodiversity-at-risk-in-kp-punjab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pni.net.pk\/en\/features\/iwt-violations-by-india-put-aquatic-biodiversity-at-risk-in-kp-punjab\/","title":{"rendered":"IWT violations by India put aquatic biodiversity at risk in KP, Punjab"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Fakhar-e-Alam<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>PESHAWAR, May 31 (APP):<\/strong> As the first rays of sunlight illuminate the banks of the River Indus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, fish farmer Naseer Khan begins another day of work at his fish farm in Swabi district. Alongside the routine of feeding fish and managing ponds, he is increasingly concerned about the potential impact of India\u2019s continued suspension of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) on Pakistan\u2019s fisheries sector and aquatic biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>Standing beside his five-kanal fish farm, Naseer said uninterrupted water flow is critical for sustaining native fish species, particularly the prized Mahseer and trout populations that thrive in the Kabul River and the glacier-fed waters of the Indus River system.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMahseer farming depends on clean and continuous river flows,\u201d he told APP. \u201cIf restrictions on western rivers continue, fish populations will decline, affecting thousands of families associated with this trade.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He feared that Mahseer, Rohu and several other indigenous fish species found in the Indus and Kabul rivers could face serious threats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab if water flows become irregular. According to him, a decline in these species would not only affect fishermen but also create food security challenges for local communities that rely on fish as an affordable source of protein.<\/p>\n<p>Former Director General Fisheries Department Ayaz Khattak warned that Mahseer and trout populations are among the most vulnerable species in the event of prolonged disruptions to river ecosystems. He questioned how people associated with the fisheries sector would survive if water availability in the western rivers became uncertain.<\/p>\n<p>Thousands of fishermen, fish farmers, traders, transporters and vendors across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa depend on freshwater fish species such as Mahseer, Rohu, Carp and Trout to meet market demand throughout the year, particularly during wedding seasons and religious festivals.<\/p>\n<p>Khattak said the continued abeyance of the Indus Waters Treaty has created uncertainty among communities whose livelihoods largely depend on river-based resources. \u201cWater is not merely an economic resource; it is directly linked to food production, nutrition and livelihoods,\u201d he said. \u201cAny disruption to the ecological balance of rivers can have far-reaching consequences for fisheries, agriculture and human well-being.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He warned that reduced water availability could affect fish breeding grounds, migration routes and aquatic biodiversity across Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Gilgit-Baltistan.<\/p>\n<p>According to fisheries experts, Pakistan\u2019s fisheries sector contributes significantly to rural employment and national income. Khattak noted that Pakistan exports fish and seafood products to several international markets, including China, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea and Japan.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFreshwater fish species such as Mahseer and trout have considerable economic value,\u201d he said. \u201cAny decline in their population would affect both domestic markets and export opportunities.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Official estimates place Pakistan\u2019s total fish production at approximately 790,000 tonnes annually, including around 510,000 tonnes from marine capture fisheries and nearly 280,000 tonnes from inland fisheries and aquaculture. The sector contributes about 0.31 percent to the national GDP and provides direct and indirect employment to nearly one million people across the country.<\/p>\n<p>The Indus Waters Treaty, signed in 1960 between Pakistan\u2019s President Field Marshal Ayub Khan and India\u2019s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, has long been regarded as one of the world\u2019s most durable water-sharing agreements. Experts believe that any weakening of the treaty framework could have consequences extending far beyond diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n<p>Professor Dr. Ejaz Khan, former Chairman of the Department of International Relations at the University of Peshawar, described water security as a matter of national survival.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is about food security, livelihoods and the future of millions of Pakistanis,\u201d he said. \u201cNearly 80 percent of Pakistan\u2019s agriculture depends on the Indus Basin irrigation system. Any uncertainty regarding water flows affects crops, livestock, fisheries and ultimately the entire economy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Ejaz argued that disruptions in river flows could reduce agricultural productivity, damage fisheries habitats and increase pressure on already vulnerable rural communities. He said water shortages would not only affect wheat, rice, sugarcane and vegetables but could also threaten fish species that depend on stable river ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p>Environmental experts cautioned that fish species such as Mahseer and brown trout are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, temperature and flow patterns. Dr. Ayaz said Mahseer cannot survive in polluted or severely disrupted aquatic environments, adding that restrictions or significant alterations in river flows could disturb breeding cycles and lead to population declines.<\/p>\n<p>He further explained that cold-water species such as brown trout, which inhabit the rivers and streams of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and northern Pakistan, require stable temperatures and consistent water availability. Sudden reductions or fluctuations in water flow, he warned, can destroy spawning grounds and threaten entire fish populations.<\/p>\n<p>Experts also highlighted growing environmental pressures from pollution and climate change, which are already affecting river ecosystems in districts such as Charsadda, Nowshera and Peshawar.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDisrupt one river, and you destabilize the entire ecological chain,\u201d Khattak remarked. \u201cThe consequences extend from fish populations to birds, wildlife, agriculture and human communities.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Analysts believe prolonged uncertainty over water resources could intensify existing challenges related to food production and rural poverty. Agricultural lands across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh and Azad Jammu and Kashmir rely heavily on the Indus Basin system for irrigation, while fruit orchards producing mangoes, citrus, peaches, bananas and watermelons also depend on stable water supplies.<\/p>\n<p>For farmers, beekeepers, livestock owners and fishermen already struggling with rising production costs, even modest disruptions in water availability can significantly affect incomes.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is not merely a diplomatic dispute,\u201d Dr. Ejaz emphasized. \u201cIt has the potential to evolve into a broader food security challenge if water resources become increasingly uncertain.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Experts stressed that the glacier-fed rivers originating from the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountain ranges sustain millions of people across Pakistan. Any prolonged disruption to these water systems, they warned, could place additional pressure on agriculture, fisheries and vulnerable rural communities.<\/p>\n<p>As concerns mount among fish farmers like Naseer Khan, communities dependent on Pakistan\u2019s river systems continue to watch developments closely, hoping that uninterrupted water flows will preserve both their livelihoods and the country\u2019s valuable aquatic biodiversity for future generations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Fakhar-e-Alam PESHAWAR, May 31 (APP): As the first rays of sunlight illuminate the banks of the River Indus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, fish farmer Naseer Khan begins another day of work at his fish farm in Swabi district. Alongside the routine of feeding fish and [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":123986,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6222],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-123985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>IWT violations by India put aquatic biodiversity at risk in KP, Punjab - Pakistan News International<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pni.net.pk\/en\/features\/iwt-violations-by-india-put-aquatic-biodiversity-at-risk-in-kp-punjab\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"IWT violations by India put aquatic biodiversity at risk in KP, Punjab - Pakistan News International\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"By Fakhar-e-Alam PESHAWAR, May 31 (APP): As the first rays of sunlight illuminate the banks of the River Indus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, fish farmer Naseer Khan begins another day of work at his fish farm in Swabi district. 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